Background: Standard method for measuring body temperature has relied on oral site by using mercury thermometers (MT). Infrared tympanic thermometry (ITT), which measures the flow of heat from the surface of tympanic membranes and ear canal, is increasingly used in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of measuring body temperature by infrared tympanic thermometry in comparison to oral mercury thermometers method.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we measured body temperature (BT) of 124 patients (72 men and 52 women) admitted in infectious ward of Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, by using oral mercury thermometers and simultaneously by infrared tympanic thermometry from right and left ear canal.Finding: Mean infrared tympanic thermometry body temperature from right and left ear with and without cerumen had no significant statistical differences (P=0.31 and P=0.23 respectively). Mean oral mercury thermometers body temperature were 0.72±0.59 and 0.93±0.74oC less than infrared tympanic thermometry (P<0.001).Conclusion: Sex, right and left ear and cerumen have no significant effect on infrared tympanic thermometry, but mean body temperature by using infrared tympanic thermometry method is lower than oral temperature. So, other bigger survey is recommended for determining the accuracy of this electronic body temperature measurement.

Background: Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are frequently used for temperature measurements today due to their numerous advantages. With technological developments, NCITs have been integrated into smart mobile devices, aiming to provide ease of use. Objectives: This study aimed to compare body temperature measurements taken with an infrared smart mobile phone thermometer (SMT) to those taken with a non-contact forehead infrared thermometer (NCFIT) in children. Methods: Pediatric patients admitted to the emergency department of the University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Hospital between June 2023 and July 2023 were included in the study. Body temperature measurements were performed using an SMT (USB K8) and an NCFIT (ThermoFlash LX-26). Results: A total of 1116 children were included in this prospective study. The mean difference between the NCFIT and SMT (2 cm near) measurements was 1.2°C. The comparison of the measurements was significantly different (P < 0.05). Although all three measurements were statistically significantly correlated, the correlation between the NCFIT and SMT’s readings at both 2 cm and 8 cm was weak, with r = 0.38 and r = 0.34, respectively (P < 0.01). There were 33 children with fever, defined as a body temperature ≥ 38°C with NCFIT. The mean measurements in febrile children from NCFIT, SMT (2 cm), and SMT (8 cm) were 38.2 ± 0.3°C, 36.3 ± 0.5°C, and 35.8 ± 0.9°C, respectively (P < 0.01). The SMT was not able to detect any body temperature ≥ 38°C. The cut-off value for SMT in patients with fever was determined as 36.15°C, which had a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 78%. Conclusions: The measurements of SMT from distances of 2 cm and 8 cm were correlated with each other, suggesting that it may be valuable for families in clinical settings to detect deviations in their children's baseline measurements, follow-up on antipyretic usage, and monitor different fever levels. However, it is not useful for screening fever in children and must be used cautiously.

Dear Editor-in-Chief: It is impossible to measure central body temperature in a living body. Therefore, usually, body temperature is measured in the oral cavity (sublingual temperature), anus (rectal temperature), ear (tympanic temperature), armpit (axillary temperature) and others. In most cases, oral and rectal temperatures are usually used. On the other hand, in Japan in order to respect hygiene measures, body temperature is often measured in the axilla (1). . .

Background: Monitoring patients' temperatures is an important aspect of clinical nursing. Oral temperature readings have long been considered as a gold standard. However, oral temperature measurements may be contraindicated in some patients, that is cases with level of consciousness and seizure. Axiliary and tympanic temperature monitoring are often the next choices. We decided to evaluate these methods compared with standard oral temperature readings.Materials and Methods: Subjects were a convenient sample of 81 adult patients over 17 years old in Shah rood Imam Hussein hospital. The study time course spanned a 1-mounth in December, 2004. Body temperature is measured in the evening using mercury oral and axiliary thermometers and "Omeron" tympanic thermometer. Results: From 81 patients studied, there were 35(43.2%) males and 46(56.8%) females and their mean age was 46.0±1.9.2 (range 17-85). The mean for oral temperature was 36.9±0.56°c, axiliary: 36.5±0.53°c, tympanic: 36.5±0.49°c. Oral thermometry identified a fever in 8 of 81 (9.9%) patients. The ROC analysis for determining a cut point with 100% sensitivity is used. For axiliary measurement at 36.95°c, 82% specificity and for tympanic measurement at 36.45°c, 55% specificity is recorded. Alpha coronbach for reliability of tympanic thermometer is equal to 0.98. The correlation between right to right and left to right ear temperature were 0.96 and 0.94, respectively.Conclusion: We conclude that axiliary thermometer with carefully use and suitable cut point is an effective instrument. With regard to specificity of tympanic thermometer for detection of fever, we do not recommend electronic tympanic measurement.

The Plant Water Resistance Index (CWSI) is a tool that can be used for the rapid monitoring of plant water status, which is a key requirement for the accurate product irrigation management. The purpose of this study was to calculate the CWSI index for bean hares in the Khorramabad region for two methods of surface irrigation and drip tape irrigation. For this purpose, a design was implemented in the form of randomized complete block design and split plot experiment. The main factors included drip tape irrigation (T) and surface irrigation (F), and the cultivars of Chibi cultivars including COS16 (C), Sadri (S) and diluted (K) served as sub-plots. By using the field measurements, the position of the upper and lower base lines was estimated for each treatment in different months and used to calculate the CWSI index. The results showed that CWSI values calculated in the surface irrigation during plant growth period were always higher than those in the drip tape irrigation. The highest value of CWSI index was obtained for the Sadri variety, which was equal to 0. 20 and 0. 26, for the type and surface method, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of irrigation method on the amount of water stress index was significant at 5% level, but there was no significant difference between different cultivars. According to the results of this study, the threshold values for CWSI were considered to be 0. 19 and 0. 24 for surface and drip tape irrigation respectively, and relationships were presented based on the differences in vegetation and air temperature to determine the irrigation time.

Background: We aimed to compare the accuracy of individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures with their tympanic temperature under different circumstances. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in a real-life population in Ningbo First Hospital in China. We consecutively recorded individuals’ wrist and forehead temperatures in Celsius (° C) using a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT). We also measured individuals’ tympanic temperature using a tympanic thermometer (IRTT) and defined fever as a tympanic temperature of ≥ 37. 3 ° C. Results: We enrolled 528 participants, including 261 indoor and 267 outdoor participants. We grouped the outdoor participants into four groups according to their means of transportation to the hospital: by foot, by bicycle/electric vehicle, by car, or as a passenger in a car. Under different circumstances, the mean difference in the forehead measurement ranged from-1. 72 to-0. 56 ° C across groups, and that in the wrist measurement ranged from-0. 96 to-0. 61° C. Both measurements had high fever screening abilities in indoor patients. (Wrist: AUC 0. 790; 95% CI: 0. 725-0. 854, P<0. 001; forehead: AUC 0. 816; 95% CI: 0. 757-0. 876, P <0. 001). The cut-off value of the wrist measurement for detecting a tympanic temperature of ≥ 37. 3 ° C was 36. 2 ° C, with 86. 4% sensitivity and 67. 0% specificity, and the best threshold for the forehead measurement was 36. 2 ° C, with 93. 2% sensitivity and 60. 0% specificity. Conclusion: Wrist measurements are more stable than forehead measurements under different circumstances. Both measurements have favorable fever screening abilities in indoor patients. The cut-off values were both 36. 2 ° C.

Irrigation scheduling with salinity and stresses, is much more difficult than Full irrigation. Using canopy temperature for plants irrigation scheduling is one of the methods that have been attention by many researchers. On of the usual method is presented by Idso. This research intends to investigate irrigation scheduling of summer maize using crop canopy temperature in Ahvaz climate (2013-2014) using surface irrigation with two levels of salinity irrigation water (S1=2.5 ds/m, S5=5 ds/m).Crop water stress index (CWSI) is calculated for the two treatments. The experiment had three replications. With due to the obtained results, The CWSI for the two treatments S1 (minimum salinity) and S5 (maximum salinity) in September 14 and October 15 were 0.26 and 0.22. Upper baseline for the S1, in September and October are 5.05 C0 and 4.975 C0 respectively. For the S5 treatment the upper baselines in September and October were 2.85 C0 and 2.60 C0 respectively. Lower baseline also were calculated for the treatments. That was represented It is found that the S1 lower baseline is lower than the S5 treatment. This is due to the S5 treatment was effected By tension more than the S1 treatment. By using of measured data for scheduling irrigation maize in October and September with surface irrigation methods, some equations were determined. By using of the equations and comparing measured with the calculated canopy and air temperature, time of irrigation can be detected.

The use of green cover temperature for plant irrigation planning is one of the methods that has been considered by researchers. For this purpose, several indicators have been presented, among which we can mention the water stress index of the plant by Idso method. In order to plan summer corn irrigation in climatic conditions of Ahvaz using green cover temperature, in 2018 research in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Faculty of Water Engineering under four types of irrigation regime including I0, I1, I2 and I3 respectively 120, 100, 80 and 60% of the plant's water requirement was done in a completely randomized design in three replications. Based on the results, the equation of the upper and lower base line for the corn plant, treatment I1 (100% water requirement) for the development stage is 2. 89 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1. 984-0. 0946VPD, for the middle stage is 3. 4 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 3. 217-0. 1669VPD and for the final stage of growth was equal to 1. 2 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1. 147-0. 160VPD was obtained in degrees Celsius. The results also showed that the total water stress index for the growth period for the 120, 100, 80 and 60 treatments was 0. 17, 0. 22, 0. 35 and 0. 52, respectively. The relationship between plant water stress index and soil moisture level for different irrigation treatments was highly correlated and the equation of soil stress index with soil moisture for I1 treatment for the next day and before irrigation was equal to CWSI = 1. 8296-0. 0586ɵ, v and CWSI = 1. 038 0. 0281ɵ, v was obtained. The results showed that with decreasing water consumption, the plant's water stress index increased and with increasing water stress, the correlation between CWSI index and soil water depth decreased so that the highest R2 (0. 97) in I0 treatment and the lowest R2 (0. 88) was in I2 and I3 treatments. As the results of this study confirm, the plant's water stress index is a good tool for irrigation planning and optimal management in the field.